![]() Although they are based on different estimation approaches, the central tendency estimates of soil and dust ingestion derived from the three methodologies are generally comparable. Soil ingestion data derived from studies that use these methodologies are also summarized. This paper discusses the information available on the prevalence of soil and dust ingestion behavior, summarizes the three methodologies for quantifying soil and dust ingestion, and discusses their limitations. In this paper, these are referred to as the tracer element method, the biokinetic model comparison method, and the activity pattern method. ![]() Three methodologies have been used to quantify soil and dust ingestion rates. Estimates of soil and dust ingestion and information on the prevalence of the behavior have been published in the literature, but research in this area is generally limited. Assessing exposure through this pathway requires information about the amount of soil and dust ingested by children. These contaminants can be ingested by children, because they have a tendency to place objects, including their fingers, in their mouths. Contaminated soil and dust may end up on children's hands and objects, because they play close to the ground. ![]() ![]() Soil and dust ingestion by children may be important pathways of exposure to environmental contaminants. A review of soil and dust ingestion studies for children.
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